Corporate Financial Management Strategic Health Resource

Question: Describe about the Corporate Financial Management for Strategic Health Resource. Answer: Part: A Introduction For this research paper, I would like to select Seafarms Group Limited as a research organization. Seafarms is listed as (ASX: SFG) on Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). Along with this, SFG is an Australian agri-food company that produces high-quality seafood. Seafarms Group mainly operates as well as invests in sustainable aquaculture production platforms. At this time, Seafarms is the biggest producer of farmed prawns in Australia (SEAFARMS. 2016). In addition, Ian Norman Trahar and Andrew Grant are the chairman and the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) of the firm respectively. Moreover, Harley Ronald Whitcombe is the CFO (Chief Financial Officer) of Seafarms Group. On the other hand, the chief financial officer of the organization plays a major role for the financial growth and success of the organization. The roles and responsibilities performed by the CFO of the firm play a primary role to accomplish the financial, strategic, and competitive goals of the organization in an effective and a significant manner. This research paper would be helpful to describe the major responsibilities of the CFO (Chief Financial Officer) of the firm. In addition, this paper would also be beneficial to depict that the responsibilities performed by the CFO have an effect on ultimate objective of the organization. General Areas of Responsibility for the Chief Financial Officer The chief financial officer of an organization is fully dedicated towards the financial growth of the business. The chief financial officer makes a lot of efforts to achieve the financial goals and objectives of the firm in a specified time period. Along with this, the CFO plays numerous important roles to improve the financial performance and to reduce the financial risks of the organization (Venter, 2007). In addition, the three major areas of responsibility for the chief financial officer of Seafarms Group are described as below: Organizational Leadership: Organizational leadership is a major area of responsibility for the chief financial officer of the organizations. The CFO of Seafarms Group is responsible to offer shared leadership as well as vision to the stakeholders shareholders, and employees of the organization. Along with this, the CFO of the firm is responsible in order to an environment where employees and stakeholders of the firm become able to comprehend and share the vision of the business (Karaian, 2014). The CFO also plays a major role to provide support to all the members of the organization; so they can accomplish common performance objectives of the business in an effective and an appropriate manner. Moreover, the CFO of the firm is responsible to have effective leadership and interpersonal skills to deal with the stakeholders of the company. In addition to this, the CFO of Seafarms Group is responsible to maintain organizational accountability and transparency in an effective way. Moreover, the CFO of the firm creates and maintains sustainable value for the shareholders to maximize revenues of the organization. The chief financial officer of Seafarms Group also develops effective partnerships with the members of the organization and also creates a common vision to improve the organizational performance of the business (Fitch, 2010). Along with this, the CFO works as an influential communicator and negotiator to accomplish the financial goals and objectives of the firm. In this way, it can be said that, the chief financial officer of the organization is responsible to works as an organizational leader in order to provide shared leadership and to accomplish the mission vision of the business in an effective and a significant manner. Financial Accounting Leader: The chief financial officer of an organization works as a financial and accounting leader of the firm. This is also a major area of responsibility for the CFO of the organization. Under this area of responsibility, the chief financial officer develops numerous effective financial plans to improve the financial performance and to accomplish the financial goals of the firm in an effective and a proper manner. The financial plans developed by the CFO are beneficial to raise the funds of the organization (Abdelhak, Grostick and Hanken, 2014). On the other hand, the CFO of Seafarms Group plays a major role to control and manage all the financial activities of the firm. The CFO also checks and monitors the financial transactions to reduce the chances of error and to improve the transparency of the firm. In addition, the CFO of Seafarms Group has a close eye on the cash flows of the business. It is essential to use the funds or capital of the firm at the right place and on the right time. T he CFO is responsible to pay the taxes and dues to perform all the financial obligations of the firm in an effective and an appropriate manner (Batman, 2007). Along with this, the chief financial officer of Seafarms Group evaluates the financial requirements and also develops long-term financial plans to fulfill the financial necessities of the business in an appropriate way. Furthermore, under this area of responsibility, the CFO of the firm develops important accounting and financial functions for the financial growth of the business (Dlabay and Burrow, 2007). In addition, the accounting financial functions are essential for the employees of the firm. It is because of with the help of these accounting financial functions, the employees become able to under and perform financial obligations in an effective and an accurate manner. The CFO of Seafarms Group also develops important accounting financial methods, policies and actions to improve the transparency and performance of the business. The CFO is also responsible to provide accurate financial data and information to the employees; so they can perform all the accounting financial fu nctions in an accurate and a proper manner (Kyriazoglou, 2012). For that reason, it can be said that, the chief financial officer of the firm works as an accounting financial leader to perform all the financial obligations and to fulfill the financial requirements of the business. Performance Management: The chief financial officer is fully responsible to improve the overall organizational performance of the business. In other words, it also can be said that, performance management is also a major area of responsibility for the CFO of an organization (Lapovsky and McKeown-Moak, 2010). The CFO of the organization is responsible to ensure that all the financial plans policies are complied with the financial goals and objectives of the business. Along with this, the CFO develops a performance management system to improve the financial performance and to meet the financial goals of the business in an effective manner. The CFO of Seafarms Group develops financial strategies and actions plans to fulfill the financial necessities of the business. In addition to this, the CFO measures and evaluates the outcomes to monitor financial performance, develop corrective actions, and to minimize the impact of variances in an appropriate way (Fitch, 2007). On the other hand, the CFO of Seafarms Group is responsible to develop risk mitigation plans to reduce the financial risks of the business. Moreover, it should be noted down that, financial risks may occur at any time those influence the financial performance o f the firm in a negative way. In addition, to handle the situation of financial risk, the CFO develops risk mitigation strategies that play a major role to mitigate financial risks in an effective way. The CFO also plays a significant role to mitigate the risks that are related to the foreign exchanges, commodity price changes and contract failures (Bouchoux, 2009). In this way, it can be said that, the CFO of Seafarms Group makes all the possible efforts in order to improve the financial and organizational performance of the firm. Responsibilities Can Affect Ultimate Objective of the Organization The responsibilities of the chief financial officer on an organization fully influence the ultimate objective of the business. For case, it should be noted down that, the CFO of the organization works as the leader to accomplish the financial and strategic goals objectives of the business. The CFO is fully responsible for the financial growth of the organization. The CFO manages and controls the funds/ capital of the firm that is essential to fulfill the financial requirements of the business (Fabozzi, Drake and Polimeni, 2008). Along with this, the CFO also mitigates financial risks that generally takes place in the financial areas of the business. For that reason, the responsibilities performed by the CFO play a critical role to accomplish the goals and objectives of the business in a pre-determined time period. As a result, the responsibilities of the chief financial officer affect the ultimate objective of the business in a positive way. Conclusion On the basis of the above discussion, it can be said that, the chief financial officer of an organization plays an important role in the success and growth of the business. Along with this, it is also observed that, the CFO of the firm performs numerous responsibilities to accomplish the strategic, financial, and competitive goals objectives of the business in an effective and a significant manner. Part: B The effective market hypothesis is an investment theory that plays a major role to make important investment decision to gain higher returns at a lower level of risk. The effective market hypothesis states that security prices fully expose all the available financial information of the business firms. In addition to this, the EMH explains that business organizations or investors cannot hit the market because of the efficiency of stock markets. The effective market hypothesis describes that investors cannot buy undervalued stocks because of business firms always trade their stocks at their fair values/prices (Graham and Dodd, 2008). Along with this, EMH plays a major role in order to predict trends in the marketplace. Moreover, weak, semi-strong, and strong are the three major degrees of the effective market hypothesis those concentrate on the enclosure of non-public information in market prices. On the other hand, the effective market hypothesis is essential to make investment decisions in an appropriate way. But, the pension fund manager might not pick a portfolio with a pin only on the basis of the accuracy of the efficient-market hypothesis (Tyson, 2016). In other words, it also can be said that, if the efficient-market hypothesis is accurate, the pension fund manager might not select a portfolio with a pin. There are numerous reasons behind this. For instance, the main cause is that the effective market hypothesis does not signify to choose a portfolio with a pin. Along with this, a portfolio with a pin will not able to offer higher returns to the investors. It is because of all the stocks of similar industries are not well-diversified and a portfolio with a pin may be risky for the investors. A portfolio with a pin will not be able to reduce the level of risk for the customers (Brealey, Myers, Allen and Mohanty, 2012). Hence, the portfolio decision that the pension fund manager make on the basis of the EMH will not work in the good deed of customers or investors. On the other hand, the pension fund manager must be careful to select a portfolio to get higher returns. The fund manager should adopt and implement market policies to make decision related to the selection of portfolio. According to these market policies, the selected portfolio must be well-diversified. It is because of a well-diversified works in the favor of investors. A well-diversified plays a major role to provide higher returns to the investors. Moreover, the risk level of the selected portfolio must be suitable for the customers. It means that if an investor is willing to buy a portfolio on the determined risk level then the pension fund manager should pick that portfolio for the investor (Lee, Lee and Lee, 2009). In addition to this, in order to select a portfolio, the fund manager must evaluate that the selected portfolio is able to offer tax rebates to the customers or investors. In this way, it can be said that, manager should not rely on the accuracy of the EMH. The pens ion fund manger must follow all the market rules to select a portfolio with a pin. References Abdelhak, M., Grostick, S. and Hanken, M.A. (2014). Health Information: Management of a Strategic Resource. USA: Elsevier Health Sciences. Batman, J.L. (2007). Advising the Small Business: Forms and Advice for the Legal Practitioner. USA: American Bar Association. Bouchoux, D.E. (2009). Business Organizations for Paralegals, Fifth Edition. USA: Aspen Publishers. Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C., Allen, F. and Mohanty, P. (2012). Principles of Corporate Finance. NY: Tata McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Dlabay, L. and Burrow, J.L. (2007). Business Finance. USA: Cengage Learning. Fabozzi, F.J., Drake, P.P. and Polimeni, R.S. (2008). The Complete CFO Handbook: From Accounting to Accountability. UK: John Wiley Sons. Fitch, T. (2007). Career Opportunities in Banking, Finance, and Insurance, Second Edition. Australia: Infobase Publishing. Fitch, T.P. (2010). Career Opportunities in Real Estate. Australia: Infobase Publishing. Graham, B. and Dodd, D.L.F. (2008). Security Analysis (6th ed.). USA: Tata McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Karaian, J. (2014). The Economist: The Chief Financial Officer: What CFOs do, the influence they have, and why it matters. UK: Profile Books. Kyriazoglou, J. (2012). Business Management Controls: A guide. USA: IT Governance Ltd. Lapovsky, L. and McKeown-Moak, M.P. (2010). Roles and Responsibilities of the Chief Financial Officer: New Directions for Higher Education, Number 107. Australia: John Wiley Sons. Lee, A.C., Lee, J.C. and Lee, C.F. (2009). Financial Analysis, Planning Forecasting: Theory and Application. USA: World Scientific. SEAFARMS. (2016). Home. Available At: https://seafarmsgroup.com.au/ [Accessed On: 21st Sept. 2016] Tyson, E. (2016). Investing For Dummies. John Wiley Sons. Venter, A. ( 2007). Municipal Management: Serving the People. Australia: Juta and Company Ltd.

PCR Amplifies Pieces of DNA

Question: If you detected 2 alleles using amplicon-length analysis, would you need to then perform repeat-primed PCR? Why or why not? Answer: PCR amplifies pieces of DNA across many orders of magnitude. As a result, thousands copies of the DNA is generated for any specific DNA sequences. Repeated primed PCR is used to generate amplicons because of many annealing sites present on the template. For screening of fragile X permutations, determination of mosaic fragile X samples, screening of full mutations, it is used. When a detection of allele is done by amplicon-length analysis, additional testing is to be done by carrying out repeated-primed Polymerase Chain Reaction, for confirming amplification of both the alleles. This is needed to be done in order to detect whether the alleles are heterozygous or homozygous. Detection of carrier can be done. This will lead to the identification of dominant and recessive alleles. Mutations present can be detected also. This is because amplification is done by PCR. Mutations are important for identification as mutations influence the working of the alleles immensely. The alleles are effected by such mutations. Repeat-primed PCR is highly specific for particular nucleotide sequences. Moreover, there are no false positives in this procedure. The method is errorless. The highly sensitive nature of the repeat-primed PCR makes it the choice of molecular technique. Amplification can be done from very minute amount of DNA.

Cis Environment Essay Example

Cis Environment Paper The elements of internal control are the same; the computer just hanged the methods by which these elements are implemented. 2. What is meant by general controls in relation to SIS environment? General controls are those control policies and procedures that relate to the overall computer information system. The purpose of general SIS controls is to establish a framework Of overall controls over the SIS activities and to provide a reasonable assurance that the overall objectives of internal control are achieved. These may include: -organization and management controls -application systems development and maintenance controls -computer operation controls -system software controls data entry and program controls 3. Enumerate and describe each of the five (5) general controls in a SIS environment. A. Organizational Controls just as in a manual system, there should be a written plan of the organization, with clear assignment of authority and responsibility. In a SIS environment, the plan of an organization for an entity computer system should include segregation between the user and SIS department, and segregation of duties within the SIS department. B. Systems development and documentation controls software development as well as changes thereof must be approved by the appropriate level of management and the user department. To ensure that computer programs are functioning as designed, the program must be tested and modified, if needed, by the user and SIS environment. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Cis Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cis Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cis Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Access Controls every computer system should have adequate security controls to protect equipment, files and programs. Access to the computer should be limited only to operators and other authorized employees. D. Data recovery controls it provides for the maintenance of back-up files and off-site storage procedures. Computer files should be copied daily to tape or disks and secured off-site. In the event of disruption, reconstruction of files is achieved by updating the most recent back-up with subsequent transaction data. E. Monitoring controls are designed to ensure that SIS controls are working effectively as planned. These include periodic evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness Of the overall SIS operations conducted by persons within or outside the entity. 4. What are the primary responsibilities of the following? A. SIS Director Exercises control over the SIS operation. B. System Analyst Designs new systems, evaluates and improves existing systems, and prepares pacifications for programmers. C. Programmers Guided by specifications of the systems analyst, the programmers writes a program, test and debugs such programs, and prepares the computer operation instruction. . Computer Operator Using the program and detailed operation instructions prepared by the programmer, computer operator operates the computer to process transactions. E. Data Entry Operator Prepares and verifies input data for processing. F. Librarian Maintains custody of systems documentation, programs and files. G. Control Group -Reviews all input reoccurred, monitor computer processing follow-up data processing errors, reviews the reasonableness of output, and distributes output to authorized personnel. . Enumerate and describe each of the three (3) application controls in a SIS environment. A. Controls over Input Input controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance that data submitted for processing are complete, properly authorize and accurately translated into machine readable form b. Controls over processing -? Processing controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance that input data are processed accurately, and that data re not lost, added, excluded, duplicated or improperly changed. C. Control over output Output controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the results of processing are complete, accurate and that these output are distributed only to authorized personnel. 6. Give at least six (6) input controls in relation to SIS environment. A. Key verification b. Field check c. Validity check d. Self-checking digit e. Limit check f. Control totals 7. What is meant by test of control in a SIS environment? Test of control in a SIS environment involves evaluation the clients internal intro policies and procedures to determine if they are functioning as intended. Regardless of the nature of the clients data processing system, auditors must perform tests of controls fifthly intend to rely on the clients internal control. The auditors objectives and scope of the audit do not change in a SIS environment. However, the use of the computer changes the processing and storage of financial information and may affect the organization and procedures employed by the entity to achieve adequate internal control. Accordingly, the methods employed by the auditor in testing he control may also be affected. Testing the reliability of general controls may include observing clients personnel in performing their duties; inspecting program documentation; and observing the security measures in force. In testing application controls, the auditor may either audit around the computer or use Computer-Assisted Techniques. 8. What is meant by auditing around the computer? Auditing around the computer is similar to testing control in manual control structure in that it involves examination of documents and reports to determine the reliability of the system. When using this approach, the auditor Norse the clients data processing procedures, focusing solely on the input documents and the SIS output. Input data are simply reconciled with the output to verify the accuracy of processing. Auditing around the computer is based in the assumption that if the input reconciles with the output, the computer program must have processed the transaction accurately. 9. Distinguish between Test data and Integrated Test Facility (TIFT. Test Data is primarily designed to test the effectiveness of the internal control procedures which are incorporated in the clients computer program. The objective of the test data technique is to determine whether the clients computer programs can correctly handle valid and invalid conditions as they arise while when using integrated test facility, the auditor creates dummy or fictitious employee or other appropriate unit for testing within the entitys computer system. Unlike test data, which is run independent of the clients data, an I TAP integrates the processing of the test data with the actual processing of ordinary transactions without management being aware of the testing process 10. Compare and contrast parallel simulation, test data and integrated est. facility (TIFT).

How to Write a Perfect Retail Resume (Examples Included)

How to Write a Perfect Retail Resume (Examples Included) Retail might not be the most glamorous career around- complete with aching feet and a perma-smile that hides your suspicion that the customer is not always right- but if you’ve ever been on those front lines, you know how essential your services are. We’re a society of consumers, and retail professionals are the ones who keep that cycle going. If you’re an experienced retail sales associate or someone just starting out, we’ve got you covered. We at TheJobNetwork have put together a guide accompanied by resume templates on creating the perfect retail resume. Let’s look at three different retail professionals: One entry level, one seeking seasonal retail employment, and an experienced sales associate looking to become a manager.1.Entry Level  Retail Sales Associate Resume2.Seasonal Retail Sales Resume3.Retail Sales Manager ResumeFirst up: Bella, who’s seeking her first job in the retail world.Download This Resume in MS WordBella opts for a fu nctional, or skills-based resume, because she doesn’t have a lot of retail-specific experience to showcase (yet). So she puts her best qualities and her skills up front, to underline her summary statement: that she’s looking to take the skills and work ethic she already has and turn that into a retail job/career. She also presents herself as a recent grad, which can let the reader know up front that she probably doesn’t have years and years of experience behind her. Bella prioritizes her strongest skills (her responsibility/dependability, her ability to work with the public, and her familiarity with handling transactions), then her awards/certifications (which emphasize her reliability and her professional successes), then her experience, and finally, her education.Bella’s experience is mostly in food service, and includes part-time jobs. She includes the part-time jobs because those helped develop skills she listed above, like customer service and an out going personality. Bella’s high school experience is important to note, because she has completed her diploma, but unless her school experience is directly relevant to the job she’s applying for (in this case it’s not), she wisely just lists the school and the diploma.Let’s look at Marty, who has more experience, but is seeking a seasonal retail position (back-to-school, holiday season, etc.) rather than a full-time gig.Download This Resume in MS WordMarty puts his cards on the table up front: he’s a student, he has retail experience, and he’s not looking to put a ring on it- he just wants to find a gig for the upcoming holiday season. He opens with a detailed summary, with a brief statement and then a handful of bullets outlining his deal. An important point in his bullets: that he’s available to work a variety of shifts, which is key for a store looking to hire someone to come in and get their hands dirty even when others are at hom e eating leftover turkey.Next, he lists his experience, to show that he’s a pro at the seasonal holiday game. He may have other jobs along the way, but he’s not looking for a career here- he focuses on the seasonal retail experience he already has, so that the reader doesn’t have to cut through a bunch of information that isn’t necessarily relevant to the immediate goal of hiring for a brief period.Our final retail resume-writer is Erica, who’s got a lot of retail associate experience behind her, but wants to jump up a level in the store management food chain.Download This Resume in MS WordErica’s resume shows an accomplished retail professional. But what she needs, if she wants to apply for higher-level retail jobs and not associate-level jobs, is to show that she has demonstrated leadership. Thus, the first skill she lists is rallying team members (check) to increase sales (check-plus) in her experience. The remainder of her skill bullets are used to show the breadth of her retail experience. This format, the skills-based resume, is helpful for someone like Erica, who wants to emphasize that she has what it takes to step into a bigger role, not just the kind of job she’s already had. Even though she’s not changing career paths, she’s trying to change up her career within that path, and this format can be useful when you want to show what you can be, in addition to what you’ve already done.Erica also provides as much detail as possible, without crowding her resume. The overall sales of her current store, with some concrete stats on how she’s helped increase sales, are very impressive, and don’t take up much space in the resume. Erica is letting results do the talking for her. An interview is a great chance to provide more context than resume bullets allow, but whenever you have specific numbers and information you can include, that will likely catch the attention of the reader and help get you into the next round. Erica also goes out of her way to include various awards, which show she’s been a superstar at her current job. Overall, the picture here is of someone who has been successful, and has the drive to keep going and improving sales.

Innovation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Innovation Report - Essay Example Perhaps the most widely accepted definition is provided by Michael Vance, according to him â€Å"Innovation is the creation of the new or the re-arranging of the old in a new way†. Most of the products, services or processes that are considered to be innovative are often found to be either ideas or thoughts of others or rework of already existing products, services or processes (Sarkar, 2007). According to Peter Drucker innovation is perceptual as well as conceptual in nature. Therefore innovation necessitates an attitude to go out and look, ask and listen. Successful innovators are found to be using both left and right sides of their brains. In order to make the innovation process effective, the focus must be simple but intense. Most of the effective innovations are found to be exceptionally simple. (Drucker, 2003). This paper is on iPhone, an innovative product, which has taken the generation by its stride. It presents a comparative study of the major drivers of innovation and their role in the innovation process. It also scrutinizes those factors that hinder the innovation process. A study of various theories has been applied to find out the possible challenges faced by the company while developing this innovative product. The paper also includes a critical evaluation of the role of knowledge, design and creativity in the process of making an innovative product. In today’s competitive business environment, innovation is the key to success for any organization. Over the past century most of the business organizations had focused only on continual improvement of the products and services in order to gain competitive advantage. However According to Jim Clifton, CEO and chairman of Gallup Management, such approach is not enough in the current state of economy. According to him today’s organizations must come up with completely new ideas rather than marginally better ones. This was exactly what Apple did over the past few years. The company kept on innovating

Prevalence of Asthma among Physically Inactive Adolescents Research Paper

Prevalence of Asthma among Physically Inactive Adolescents - Research Paper Example Asthma has been implicated in overweight and physically inert young people. In their study, Daniel et al mention that in instances of reduced mobility, there is more prevalence of asthma. With asthma also, there is decreased physical activity which accentuates the condition. In another study by Ten Hacken (2009), physical inactivity and obesity have been compared so as to identify the correlation between the two. The researchers are guided by the principle that physical inactivity and obesity are risk factors for many chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, depression and diabetes mellitus. The researchers explain that in inactivity and obesity, there is systemic inflammation that leads to various inflammatory processes of many chronic conditions. Asthma is a chronic airway disease characterized by enhanced bronchial inflammation and hyperactivity, mucosal edema and airway narrowing. Asthma being a chronic condition, therefore, fits the bill o f the inclusion criteria. Despite this argument, the study is not quite clear on asthma as it uses postulations and inferences. Even the researchers themselves admit that complex studies will be needed to clearly show the correlation between physical inactivity and asthma. ... Smoking is a trigger for acute asthma attacks while obesity does not necessarily imply that one has reduced activity. However, there was some strength of association between inactivity and asthma in the sense that, of the study participants, those who used inhalers had an 80% likelihood of being physically inactive. Another study by Hallal et al seeks to identify the strength of association between physical activity in adolescents and their health status. The research is based on the principle that physical inactivity among the young people reduces the incidence of chronic diseases. The study was conducted between 2000 and 2004. The findings were that physical activity has long-term benefits o various conditions in the body including bone condition, breast cancer, asthma and sedentary behavior. Concerning asthma, the researchers established that water activities have shown efficacy in controlling and fighting asthma. The ways in which physical activity treats asthma is not very clear , but from various studies reviewed, there is a close association between physical activity and asthma. What is, however, not clear is the mechanism by which this happens. PART 3 Research Questions: Using PICO Model The study shall be conducted based on the guidance from the following research questions: 1. To what extent can asthmatic conditions be attributed to lifestyle? 2. Are adolescents who are less active physically likely to have health complications than their active counterparts? 3. What is the connection between patient diagnosed with asthma and physical mobility? 4. Can increased physical activity reduce the chances of asthmatic attack? 5. Do asthmatic adolescent who

Terrorism and criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Terrorism and criminology - Essay Example Criminological theories offer explanations for certain terrorist acts. Social disorganization theory explains the communal terrorist acts. In a society where the collective efficacy of social institutions have failed, a general unrest may emerge, which would eventually lead to terrorist acts. Such an atmosphere facilitates organized crimes that are a reflection of the lack of respect for the failing systems and also of the notion that the punishment for such crimes will be less severe where the legal justice has fallen apart with the failed institutions. Racial and ethnic heterogeneity in socially disorganized communities are apt to come to direct conflicts. In such communities the poverty rate will also be high, which will; also lead to crimes that would gain the proportions of terrorism. Gang wars and organized crimes are most often transformed to terrorism in general. While the disruptions may emerge as an internal affair in the beginning, it is possible that the frustration and w rath may later be directed against other communities or nations. The disenchanted populace of a socially disorganized community is often the targets of international terrorist recruiters. The theory of rational choice and deterrence is another criminological theory that effectively defines certain terrorist acts. It can explain individual and communal terrorism in a social structure. The theory explains criminal acts as personal or rational choice. The existence of a swift, severe and certain system of punishment in a state is apt top deter an individual or a society from committing a crime. If we analyze the amount of terrorism that emerges from states where the punishment system is weak, the theory can be proved beyond doubt. A state that fails to execute proper punishments will also fail to keep terrorist activities in check. The general assumption can be summarized that people will